21世纪跨国经营的创新模式—综合商社
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我国加入世贸组织已成定局，一个挑战和机遇并存的竞争新环境将展现在我们面前。“入世”后，鉴于中国逐步开放流通业的国际承诺，在中国的流通产业领域，积极培育和发展规模庞大、实力雄厚的综合商社——跨国企业集团公司，促进它们走出国门，参与跨国经营和国际竞争，已成为当务之急。 一、综合商社的起源及涵义 综合商社起源于150年前的日本明治时代初期（1867年）。当时，日本正处于向近代国家转变的阶段，综合商社发挥了从欧美发达国家引进资源、技术以及向国外出口产品的桥梁纽带作用。以三井、三菱这两家超巨大财阀为龙头组成的产业集团成了当时日本经济的两大支柱。随着时代的变迁，以它们为原形组成的综合商社，又逐渐向开发国外资源、开拓出口工业品市场和跨国经营等领域延伸，为战后日本经济迅速崛起立下不可磨灭的功劳。因此，日本的综合商社与产业集团有着密不可分的联系，是日本企业的走向世界的“流通窗口”。 所谓综合商社（General Trading Company—GTO）是指以贸易为主导， 多种经营并存，集贸易、金融、信息、仓储、运输、组织与协调等综合功能于一体的跨国公司形式的组织载体。综合商社通常是以厂家的代理商身份出现，除具有贸易功能外，还作为参加企业组成的产业链的组织者，活跃在世界经济贸易舞台上，成为跨国公司进行对外贸易和跨国经营的急先锋。它在发展国内贸易、扩大进出口交易、推进三国间贸易和合作、拓展企业的跨国经营和技术开发等方面发挥着重要的作用。近年来，综合商社的整合性物流功能特别受到关注。 二．日本的成功经验 据日本贸易会最新统计数据显示，截止2000年末，日本政府正式认定的综合商社有18家，其中驰名世界的有九家，它们是：三井物产、三菱商事、丸红、伊藤忠商事、住友商事、日商岩井、东洋绵花、兼松江商、日绵实业。这18家综合商社在国内外拥有2000多个网点，从业人员达8万多人，全球营业额为100兆日元，折合人民币达7兆元（汇率：1元=14.3日元）。从营业额构成上看，国内占48%、第三国间贸易占22%、进口占16%、出口占15%；2000年日本总出口额的约30%、进口额的约50%是由综合商社所完成的。 日本的综合商社的经营范围极为广泛，从资源开发到高尖端技术，几乎含盖了所有产业领域。而且，它的经销品种不仅限于物，还包括咨询服务体系以及影像、音乐、电视节目等软件。综合商社的业务主要是贸易和投资，两者相辅相成，在金融、物流、调研·咨询、市场营销等功能的支持下，通过遍布世界各个角落的网络有条不紊地进行。因此，被冠于“产业组织者”之号。 70年代初，在世界经济萧条中保持旺盛发展势头的日本综合商社模式引起了世界各国的广泛关注，美国、韩国、加拿大、巴西等都纷纷效仿组建了自己的综合商社。其中韩国大获成功，而美国则以失败告终。其原因可归结为美国企业的规模均比较大，在世界市场上都有一定份额，且各自独立性较强。另外，完善的激励和约束机制保证了代理人与企业利润的最大化。 三、对中国的启示 从国内外的经验和教训来看，培育和发展综合商社一定要符合客观实际，对国外及本国现存的模式，进行简单的移植再造是不足取的。应在周密的调查基础上，对预选的企业作出科学的分析、评估和判断。在组建初期和起步阶段，政府给予综合商社必要的政策支持是国际上通行的做法，特别是金融方面的支持是必不可缺的。 中国式的综合商社，应定位在企业集团以战略的高度进行全方位的跨越国界的赢利性经济活动上，它包括两个方面的内容：就企业集团本身而言，指企业从开发、营销、管理、服务到财务、人事的各方面、各环节的运作都按符合市场经济原则和国际惯例办事；就企业与国际经济活动的联系而言，是指以扩大出口为中心，通过多种方式在更深更广的层次上参加国际经济活动。 随着我国流通经济体制改革的迅速发展和不断深化，流通的经济效益与社会效益均有了明显提高，产业对国际贸易的需求日益旺盛，国有大型企业在转换经营机制和民营企业谋求未来发展等方面也将越来越依靠综合商社，这些都为我国综合商社的长远发展奠定了坚实的基础。 四、对打造中国式综合商社的战略思考 实施“走出去”战略，是经济全球化和一体化的要求，是加快我国经济结构调整的需要，是促进流通体制改革的重大举措。朱镕基总理在刚刚闭幕的九届人大四次会议上所做的政府工作报告中特别指出：“实施‘走出去’战略，努力在利用国内外两个市场、两种资源方面有所突破。”在国外市场对中国企业进入的壁垒逐步降低的今天，深刻领悟实施“走出去”战略的内涵，正确把握机遇，积极创造“走出去”的条件具有十分重要的现实意义。 虽然，我国从1994年起就开始了综合商社试点工作，积累了一些经验。但是，至今未培育出像日本三菱商事、三井物产等驰名世界的综合商社。进入新世纪以来，经济全球化的速度在加快，我国加入“WTO”也已成为定局，这些都迫切需要在我国能涌现出更多的综合商社式大型跨国公司，以形成大市场、大流通、大商贸的格局。为此，笔者拟提出我国组建综合商社的以下四种模式： 第一，将有一定规模和实力的零售、批发兼容的商业集团公司培育成综合商社。综合商社的活动根基在国内，而其活动范围则是全球的。从这一角度而言，综合商社必须是实体，并能形成以这个实体为中心的企业系列集团。商业集团公司是企业产品的集散地，能以其自身的实力将众多的企业会聚到一起。同时，他们都具备一定规模的物流功能，因此，以此为依托易形成贸工商为一体的“巨舰式”的综合商社。 第二，将现有的外贸公司发展成以贸易为主业，集贸易、金融、物流、组织协调等功能的综合性产业集团。由于外贸公司具有海外网络完善、业务范围广、渠道畅通、客户多等诸多优势，只要能在开展进出口贸易和多国贸易的同时，加大开拓国内市场的力度，逐步建立国内贸易网络，就能尽早实现两个市场的接轨。因此，能在较短的时期内，形成参与国际竞争的规范化、规模化的综合商社。 第三，将大型工业企业集团发展成兼营贸易的综合商社。这种形式的综合商社主要服务于集团内部，以专业性贸易为主，进而带动整个集团的产业国际化。这种方式可克服传统的工贸分家、产销脱节的缺点。综合商社的本质也是让企业从研究、开发、生产、营销，到财务、人事的各方面、各环节的运作都按符合市场经济原则的国际惯例办事，并以扩大出口为中心，通过多种方式在更深更广的层次上参与国际经济活动。韩国的三星、LG等走的就是这条路。但是，这种模式经营范围有一定限制，不易形成规模优势。 第四，采用战略联盟的方式，通过自愿互利的企业联合或合并，组建一个集贸、工、商、金融、物流服务等多功能于一体的跨行业、跨所有制的多元资产结构的大型跨国企业集团。战略联盟是适应新经济特点的一种创新的竞争模式，企业要实现跨国发展战略目标，就必须培植起自身的竞争优势，而走“强强联合”发展之路，是提升企业市场竞争势力的重要手段。从参与国际竞争角度而言，我市企业的规模普遍偏小，资源过于分散，而大量存在达不到经济规模使资源配置效率低的企业，在国际竞争中处于劣势。 第五，鼓励商业性银行以交叉持股方式参与综合商社的经营管理。由于综合商社需要有雄厚的资金，作为信用的承诺。没有筹融资能力，综合商社难以生存乃至壮大。从日、韩的经验来看，虽然两国的金融制度不尽相同，但都采取有利措施对综合商社予以支持。例如，以日本最大的综合商社——三井物产为例，他是三井集团的核心企业，与另外二个主要企业——樱花银行、三井信托银行形成了交叉持股关系。截止2000年末，这两家企业对他的持股率分别为4.83%和3.88%。此外，在日本不仅集团内部企业存在交叉持股关系，与外部大企业间也有交叉持股关系，如截止2000年末，东京三菱银行对三井物产的持股率为3.19%，形成了集团内外企业相互参股，互派董事，互换市场信息，相互制约，规范发展的局面。 在我国，由于受计划经济的影响，使银行资本一直局限于帮助产业资本最终完成剩余价值的实现这一狭窄的范畴内。而市场经济时代，则要求不同资本形式在完成自己既定的使命与责任的同时，还应与产业资本、商业资本互相渗透、相互融合，实现供赢。 另外，还应准许综合商社设立金融性公司，经营非银行工作的金融机构，进行内外部融资和投资，赋予其社会融资权和再贷款权，提高金融功能促进其资源开发和产业组织功能的发挥。 〔作者简介〕戢守峰（1958—），男，辽宁沈阳人，沈阳工业大学副教授、商学博士， 主要从事跨国公司战略、流通经济研究。 通讯地址：沈阳市铁西区保工街创业路10号4-2-1 邮编：110023 联系电话：（024）—25653070、13654051718 The Innovative Model of Muitlnational Management-GTC ——The strategic thinking about founding the integrative company of china Ji shou feng Since it is no wonder that our country will enter WTO , a new international situation that is filled with oppontunity and challenge will be at our face.Regarding the promise of our country to the world that china will open our Distribution’s business step by step after our country enter WTO,it is most important to cultivate some large and strong intergrative company(GTO) and to promote them to participate in transnational operation and international contest. （一） The origin and signification of GTC GTC originates from the early stage of Japan’s Meiji age(1867).GTC played a key role in introducing resource and technology into Japan from western developed countries and exporting products to foreign countries in the process of Japan’s convertion to a modern country.The two industrial institution,Mitsui and Mitsubishi,became the stanchion of the Japan’s economy.Processing with times,GTCs evolved from the two industrial institutions contributed a lot to the rapid growing up of Japanese economy after world war two by developing foreign resources and exploiting the export market of industrial products and the region of international management.So GTC, which is the Japanese erterprises’ circulating windows to the world ,has a indivisible relation with industrial institution. General Trading Company(GTC) is a mutinational organization which gives priority to trading but also has other forms of operations such as commerce,finance, infor,storage,transporation,organizing,harmonizing and so on.GTC acted not only as the agent of the manufactory having the trading function but also as the organizer of the chain of industry becoming the pioneer of external trade and transnational operation.It has a key role in developing internal trading,expanding inport and export transation,promoting the trading and cooperation among courtries and widening enterprises’transnational operation and technology development.Recetently the conformable logistics funtion of GTC draw great attentions. （二） The Japanese successful Experience According to the latest statistic of Japan Commerce Organization, by the end of 2000,there have been 18 GTCs confirmed by the Japanese government,9 of which are most famous in the world such as (Mitsui & Co.Ltd.、Mitsubishi Corporation、Marubeni Corporation、Itochu Corporation、Sumitomo Corporation、Nissho Iwai Corporation、Tomen Corporation、Kanematsu Corporation、Nichimen Corporation).They have more than 2,000 commercial establishments at home and abroad and have more than 80,000 employees.Their global turnover are more than 100 billion Yen which is equal to 7 billion yuan(1Yuan=14.3 Yen).Among of them the domestic turnover acounts for 48 percent and Triple Tranding acounts for 22 percent and the exporting turnover acounts for 15 percent and the importing turnover acounts for 16 percent.In 2000,30 percnet of the amount of export and 15 percent of the amount of inexport is completed by GTC. The GTC’s scope of business is very broad and comprises not only the exploiture of new recourses but also the development of the latest technology even including all the fields of the industry.More over,it also offers the services of consultation and videos and TV programs besides the selling of the goods.GTC processes its trading and investing ,which is the main business of GTC and is supplement and complement each other, with the support of finance ，loigistics，investigation and consulation systematically through its networks all over the world.So,GTC is also called the organizer of industry. In the seventies,great attention was draw to the GTC which held a powerful momentum of development in the world economic depression. America,Canada,Brazil and Korea also formed their GTCs.Among of them the Korean ones made a great coup and the American ones defeated at last because American enterprises had a huge dimension and a share all over the world.The perfect encouraged and restricted mechanism ensured the agents and the factories the most profits. (三) Enlightenments to China Learned from the foreign successful experiences and the failing lessons,we can find that cultivating and developing the GTC must accords with our courtry’s objective reality and can’t just copy the foreign and domestic existed patterns.We should make scientific analysis and estimation.At the beginning stages,it is the international general method that the government will give the GTC the necessary support in policy,especially the support of finance. The GTC of China should orientate itself towards international profit-making economic activity in the light of industrial strategy.It means two things.To the enterprise,the processing of every tache such as exploiture,marketing,management,services,finance,personal affairs and so on should accord with maketing economical principle and international practices.To the relation between the enterprise and the international economical activities,the enterprise should focus the expanding of export and participate in the international economical activity by all means. With the development and deepen of our Distribution economical reform,the Distribution economical benefit and social benefit have been obviously improved and the requirements of industrial to the international commerce have been also raised .The state-owerned enterprises will depend on the GTC more and more in terms of conversting mechanism and so will the private enterprise in terms of bucking for the future developments.The development of GTC will base on all the things. (四) The strategic thinking about the Chinese GTC Implementing the ‘going out‘strategy is the requirement of the global economy and economic integration and also the need of expediating adjusting economical structure and the great act of improving the reform of distribution’s system.Minister zhu said :’Implmenting the ‘going out’ strategy and try to breach in the use of the demostic and foreign market,two resources.’in the government working report of ninth People’s delegatig convetion fourth meeting.When the foreign barrier to Chinese enterprises is debasing more and more, it has a important relastic meaning that realizating the ‘going out’ strategy and holding the correct opportunity and creating the condition of ‘going out’. Though our country began the development of GTC from 1994 and accumulated some experience,we didn’t cultivate the world famous GTC such as Mitsubishi and Mitsui.In the new century, the speed of the global economy is speeding up and entering the WTO for our country is no wonder.All of these make it necessary to set up more and more Multicorporation as the form of GTC so that to form the the situation of huge market,huge distribution and huge trading.So,I suggest the four models of setting up our GTC: 1． Cultivating some large and strong business companies which include Wholesales and retailingsales to make them become GTC.The groundwork of GTC is at home and its territory is cosmopolitan.At this point of view the GTC must be an entity and form a enterprise group in the center of the entity.The commercial group company is the collecting and distributing center of the enterprise’s products and can assemble all the enterprises together.At the same time,they all have some Loigistics functions.So,form a huge GTC with industry ,trading and business. 2．Cultivating the existing foreign trading companies to make them become conglomerate industrial groups which give priority to trading and have also diversification of lines of business such as trade ,finance,info ,storage,transporation,organizing and harmonizing.Foreign trading companies have so many advantages such as having perfect abroad newworks,wide scope of operation,clear channels,more clients and so on that the connection between the domestic and foreign market will be set up sooner if they can exploit the domestic market more powerfully and set up the domestic trading networks gradually in addition to carrying out the exports and imports trading and mutinational commerce.Thus,the GTC of high standard and large scale will be formed and take part in the international contect immediately. 3．Developing large industral enterprises to sideline trading GTCs.The GTCs of this kind give priority to professional trading to serve the inside of group and thus promote the international industralization of the whole group.This mode can overcome the shortcomings of the separation between industry and trading ,producing and saling.It is also the GTC’s nature to carry out the operation in all aspects from reserching,developing,marketing and producing to finance and person according to the international convention and the market economy principal and to put the expansion of export to the core so as to participate in the international contest on a deeper and broader level through all means.It is the path that has been followed by sansung and LG and which has so many restricts in the scope of business administration that will not form an advantage of scale. 4．Forming large multinational enterprise group with different ownerships ,multi-factor asset structuer and all lines of industry,business,trading and logistic circulation, which is consisted of volunteer and mutual benefit enterprises,by the form of stragetic alliance.Stragetic alliance is a creative contest mode rising up to the feature of new economy.If an enterprise want to reach its aim of transnational development,it is necessary to cultivate its own contest advantages and cooperates with other powers,which is also an important means to promote its ability in market contest.From the view of jioning in international contest,the enterprises which can not reach given economic scale and thus lead to a lower resorce allocation efficiency will be at a inferior position,but most enterprises of our city are of small scale and decenttralized funds. 5． Encouraging commercial bank to take part in the management of GTC by cross stocks.GTC won’t develop without the ability in financing,because it need vast funds to be the credit.From the experience of Japan and Korea,they both take favored messure to support GTC even these two countris have defferent economy system.For instance, Mitsui & Co.Ltd.,the largest GTC of Japan and the core of Mitsui Bank,has set up cross stocks connection with two major banks of Sakura Bank、Mitsui Trust Bank.By the end of 2000,these two banks have 4.83% and 3.88% of its stocks respectively.Moreover,cross stocks connection exsits not only within the inside of the group but also between groups.By the end of 2000,Tokyo bank has 3.19 percent of Mitsubishi Bank‘s stocks,forming the situition of interlocking stock holding,intersending directors,interchanging market information,interrestricting and standardized developing. In our country,bank funds have been limited to a narrow scope of helping industrial funds to achieve remaining value finally.In market economy times,capital of different forms should infiltrate with each other and both make a Win Win. Furthermore,GTC should be allowed to establish financial company,deal financial department(except bank business) ,draw funds from inside and outside ,invest and have the right to draw funds and provide a loan to others.Steps should be taken to improve GTC’s functions in exploiting resouces and organizing industry. Author: Ji Shoufeng,male,acossiate Professior of Shenyang University of Technology,commercial Docter,majoring in transnational company and distribution economic research. |